第9讲,文论 2010.ppt

一、复习（西方马克思主义） 二、索绪尔之前的语言学 三、索绪尔的语言学革命 四、列维-斯特劳斯（文化人类学） 五、罗兰·巴特（神话） 六、普洛普（民间故事） 七、托多洛夫（叙事学） 八、评论 西方马克思主义 西方马克思主义 第二次世界大战结束后，发达资本主义进入后工业时代，现代科学技术革命和工具理性的发展提出了新的挑战。 西方马克思主义 德国法兰克福学派进一步发展，詹姆逊等后现代文化批评家的努力以及英美“分析的马克思主义”流派日益兴起，促使西方马克思主义进入持续发展阶段阶段。 主要代表人物有： 匈牙利的卢卡奇、意大利的葛兰西 德国的布洛赫、布莱希特、本雅明、霍克海默、阿多诺、马尔库塞、弗洛姆、哈贝马斯 法国的萨特、勒斐伏尔、阿尔都塞、马歇雷、戈德曼 美国的詹姆逊、英国的威廉斯、伊格尔顿 法兰克福学派 法兰克福学派是20世纪西方马克思主义的主要流派之一， 以批判的社会理论著称。 是以德国法兰克福大学的“社会研究中心”为中心的一群社会科学学者、哲学家、文化批评家所组成的学术社群。 由法兰克福社会研究所的领导成员在20世纪30～40年代初发展起来，其社会政治观点集中反映在霍克海默、阿多诺、马尔库塞、弗洛姆、哈贝马斯 等人的著作中。 What is Structure? Something made up of a number of parts that are held or put together in a particular way. The way in which parts are arranged or put together to form a whole; makeup. The interrelation or arrangement of parts in a complex entity In other words, structure is rules and principles operative in the world, or we can say , the world is composed of many different elements, each of which has its own function, that are closely bound up with each other in sort of a pattern or structure. What is structuralism? Structuralism is an intellectual movement which began in France in the 1950s and is first seen in the work of the anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss. Its essence is the belief that things cannot be understood in isolation----they have to be seen in the context of the larger structures they are part of (hence the term “structuralism”). It emphasizes wholeness and synchronic. Structuralism Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm范式 that emphasizes that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, Structuralism is the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture. Structuralism originated in the early 1900s, in