04环境概论第4讲能源与环境教程.pptVIP

核废料的储存与运输 Main tunnel shaft, Yucca Mountain repository site 核废料的处置 废弃的核反应堆 喀拉海 Risk of terrorism(new challenge to industry) Quadrillion 1000的五次方 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 页岩油的开采 Oil shales (页岩油 ) are tight source rocks that are not permeable enough to pump the oils out directly. Potential technologies for extracting shale oil include fracturing and igniting the shales, causing the kerogen to mature and migrating the light oil fraction to pumping stations. To date, however, only a very limited amount of oil has been recovered from shales in pilot studies. The United States has huge reserves of shale oil, which could extend our national oil supply by decades to a century if technologies are developed to harvest them economically. 煤炭→煤的气化（成本高）； Natural gas can be extracted from coal, typically by pumping the gas directly from subsurface coal deposits . Alternatively, coal can be processed to produce syngas (coal gasification), which can also be used as a source of energy. Gasification technology has already been commercialized for industrial purposes but has not been pursued for energy to date because it is more expensive than using coal directly as fuel. However, spurred by rising oil prices and concerns about emissions from coal combustion, several U.S. companies have announced plans to build coal gasification power plants. If these plants include the capacity to capture and store carbon dioxide emissions (which would increase their capital costs still further), they could help to make coal a more environmentally acceptable energy source. 煤的气化 甲烷：温室气体/控制其释放 Huge reserves of gas also occur trapped in ice within shallow sediments, both in permafrost (永久冻土层) and deep undersea environments. No affordable technology has been developed yet to harvest these broadly distributed methane (甲烷) hydrates or clathrates, but they may prove to be an important potential energy source because of their abundance and because natural gas burns more cleanly than other fossil