进化：从达尔文主义到超达尔文主义，进化的含义及其广泛，大则包罗.docVIP

进化：从达尔文主义到超达尔文主义 引言：一个常识性的错误是认为物种可依进化台阶从细菌排列至低等的动物经高等动物最终到人类[4]。地球上的生物虽有共同的祖先，但他们都经历了不同的进化路径而发展到现在的水平，物种间没有优劣之分，因为他们都适应了他各自的环境。 进化极其广泛，包罗了宇宙的演变、星辰的消长，囊括了生物的演化。从生物角度看，又有分子（DNA或蛋白质）进化、细胞进化、物种进化和生态圈网络式的进化。杜布让斯基曾说：“生物学没有进化，任何事物都显得毫无意义（Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution）”。进化是生物学的柱石，已渗透到生物学各领域，促进着各学科的发展[1]。早先的化石、形态观察到当代的比较生物化学和遗传学等都是了解进化的窗口。 进化概论 进化有大小之分，大进化(由俄国人Philipchenko提出)，指在物种（或高于）水平的演变，至少是一个物种分裂为二种（分歧进化演替成种功能变异定向进化说From Giorgio Bernardi First diagram: Darwin postulated the existence of deleterious, advantageous, and neutral changes Second: The neo-Darwinians (or selectionists) neglected neutral changes Third: These were reintroduced and amplified by Kimura, who developed the neutral theory of evolutionFourth: The nearly neutral theory was proposed by Ohta to include intermediates between neutral and advantageous, as well as between neutral and deleterious changes. Fifth: In the neoselectionist theory, the critical changes are responsible for the transition from point mutations to regional changes. 参考文献： [1] a brief history of life [2] John Wilkins Macroevolution Its Definition, Philosophy and History /faqs/macroevolution.html [3] Wesley R. Elsberry Punctuated Equilibria /faqs/punc-eq.html [4]Chris Colby Introduction to Evolutionary Biology /faqs/faq-intro-to-biology.html [5] Jody Hey, Walter M. Fitch, and Francisco J. Ayala systematics and the origin of species :an introduction PNAS May 3, 2005 vol. 102 suppl. 1 6515–6519 [6]Chris Colby Evidence for Evolution /faqs/evolution-research.html [7]Mary Jane West-Eberhard Developmental plasticity and the origin of species differences PNAS May 3, 2005 vol. 102 suppl. 1 6543–6549 [8] Joel Hanes What is Darwinism? /faqs/darwinism.html [9] Motoo Kimura evolution rate at the molecular level nature 1968 [10] Gert Korthof How to attack neo-Darwinism and still end up in evolution textbooks http://home.planet.nl/~gkorthof/kortho37.htm [11] Giorgio