大学语言学(考必考 练习部分).doc

大学语言学（考试必考 练习部分） I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. 1. Clear ［1］ and dark are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in _________distribution. (P24)2. _________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32) 3. Consonant sounds can be either?voiceless or voiced, while all____ sounds are voiced. (P16) 4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the ______?principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87) 5.??Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a _______study of language. (P4) 6.?An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any ______ when a sound is produced. (P18) 7.?XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the _____, N the head and S the complement. (P46) 9.??While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an _______ is concrete and context-dependent. (P70) 11. _______ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70) 12. A ______study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70) 13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called ______(P70) 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the _____cavity and the nasal