TheScienceofBiologyChapter15课件.pptVIP

Evolution of Multicellular Life Chapter 15 Outline Complex Multicellularity Fungus vs. Plants Fungal Reproduction and Nutrition Fungi Ecology Kinds of Fungi Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidomycetes Lichens and Mycorrhizae Complex Multicellularity Individuals are composed of many highly specialized kinds of cells that coordinate their activities. Three Kingdoms: Plants Animals Fungi Complex Multicellularity Two key characteristics separate complex multicellular organisms from simple multicellular organisms. Cell Specialization Different cells using different genes Cell Development Intercell Coordination Cell activity adjusts based on response to functions of other cells. A Fungus Is Not A Plant Differences between fungi and plants: Fungi are heterotrophs. Fungi have filamentous bodies. Fungi have nonmotile sperm. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. Fungi have nuclear mitosis. A Fungus Is Not A Plant Body of a Fungus Fungi exist mainly in the form of slender filaments (hyphae). Walls (septa) divide cells in filament. Main body is network of hyphae (mycelium). All parts of body are metabolically active. Because of cytoplasmic streaming, many nuclei may be connected by shared cytoplasm. Fungal Reproduction and Nutrition Fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually. Sexual reproduction initiated when hyphae of genetically different mating types come in contact and fuse. Heterokaryon - nuclei derived from genetically different individuals. Homokaryon - nuclei derived from genetically similar individuals. Fungal Reproduction and Nutrition Three kinds of reproductive structures: Gametangia - Gametes form within Sporangia - Spores form within Conidia - Asexual spore Fungi obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes into their surroundings and absorb organic molecules produced by external digestion. Some act as active predators. Fungi Ecology Fungi and bacteria are principle decomposers in biosphere. Fungi virtually only organism capable of breaking down lignin. Often act as d