04光阑与像差2009解析.pptVIP

Poet.fjnu.edu.cn 物理与光电信息学院 School of Physics and OptoElectronics Technology FUJIAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China Stop and Aberrations 光阑和像差 Stop （diaphram） 光阑 把光束限制在傍轴区域内，一个实际的共轴光具组才能近似成像。 对光束起限制作用的透镜的边缘、框架、或特别设置的带孔屏障即为光阑。 光阑的作用：限制光束孔径、限制视场 影响：像的景深、亮度、分辩本领、像差 The Numerical Aperture limits the optical energy that can flow through the system Later we will also learn that the NA also defines the resolution (or resolving power) of the optical system Aperture stop the physical element which limits the angle of acceptance of the imaging system 孔径光阑是对轴上的共轭点而言的 Aperture / NA: physical meaning Entrance exit pupils 入射光瞳是孔径光阑对于其之前的光学系统共轭 出射光瞳是孔径光阑对于其之后的光学系统共轭 有了光瞳，就可以不用考虑孔径光阑的位置，只要物点和像点确定、光瞳确定，就可以判断进入和射出此光学系统的光束孔径的大小，便于计算能量的多少 The significance of aperture stop 望远镜或低倍率显微镜的孔径光阑就是物镜的镜框，则其即为入射光瞳 复杂的显微镜，孔径光阑常设在物镜之后且靠近或就在像方焦面上，则入射光瞳趋于无穷远 无论哪一种仪器，物镜和孔径光阑到目镜的距离都比目镜的焦距大很多，对目镜成的像（即出射光瞳）都近似的在目镜的像方焦面附近，即在最后一个折射面后不远的地方。 眼睛的入射光瞳就是瞳孔（即瞳孔决定了入射眼睛的光线角度） P73 Limits the angular acceptance of Chief Rays 视场光阑是针对于轴外共轭点而言的，离光轴较远的轴外共轭点的主光线被视场光阑所遮掩, 限制成像的光束（大小） The Field Stop: The Field Stop The Chief Ray Starts from off-axis object, Goes through the center of the Aperture 轴外共轭点之间的光束中通过入瞳出瞳中心的光线为主光线 Entrance Exit Windows All together Example: Single-lens Camera 视场边缘物点参与成像的光束愈来愈窄，从而像点愈来愈暗——渐晕 Aberrations Aberrations 像差 Geometrical Aberrations 几何像差 “Seidel” Aberrations Spherical Aberration Coma Astigmatism Field Curvature Distortion Chromatic Aberration Aberrations ?Chromatic –is due to the fact that the refractive index of lenses, etc. varies with wavelength; therefore, focal lengths, imaging conditions, etc. are wavelength-dependent ?Geometrical –are due to the deviation of non-paraxial rays from the approximations we have used so far to derive focal lengths, imaging conditions, etc.; therefore, rays going through imaging systems typically do not focus perfectly but instead scatter around the “paraxial” (or “Gaussi