GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY.ppt

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 1. Development of embryology 2. Germ cell and fertilization 3. Blastocyst and implantation 4. Formation of the germ layer 5. Differentiation of trilaminar germ and formation of embryo 6. Fetal membrane and placenta 7. Twins and multiple birth Preembryonic period: 1st week to end of 2nd week fertilization to formation of bilaminar germ disc Embryonic period: 3rd week to end of 8th week formation of embryo Fetal period: 9th week to birth growth Perinatal stage: 26th week to 4 week after birth Development of embryology Germ cell and fertilization Germ cell spermatozoon and ovum 1. Spermatozoon Capacitation：In female reproductive tract, the sperms were enabled to bind to the zona pellucida receptors. removal of glycoproteins (decapacitation factor) which cover the sperms 2. Ovum secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase in the second meiotic division Fertilization: The process in which the spermatozoon penetrates  into the ovum to form fertilized ovum. In the ampulla of oviduct The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is rapidly lifted and the second polar body is released, leaving a haploid female nucleus. Contac of sperm and ovum Sperm penetrate into the ovum Formation of female and male pronucleus Fusion of pronuclei 3.Significance of fertilization ① A new life ② Diploid inheritance and aberrance ③ Sex determination Formation of blastocyst and implantation Cleavage and formation of blastocyst 1. Cleavage： early division of fertilized egg 2. Blastomere：daughter cells from cleavage 3. Morula：12 to 16- cell stage, enclosed in the zona pellucida, like morus 4. Blastocyst：about 100 blastmeres blastocoele、inner cell mass and trophoblast polar trophoblast Phase of cleavage Appearance and inner structure of blastocyst Movement of fertilized egg in the