Section 4 Autoimmune Diseases.pptVIP

Section 4 Autoimmune Diseases 1. Definition: An immune reaction against “ self-antigens” is the cause of certain diseases in human. 2. Mechanism (1) Alteration of self-proteins (modification of the molecule) ① Partial degradation of autoantigens. ② Complexing of self-antigens with drugs or micro-organisms. (2) Hidden antigens exposure (3) Cross-reactions (molecular mimicry) ① Antibodies to streptococcal antigens may react with constituents of cardiac muscle or connective tissue in rheumatic fever. ② Rabies vaccine may rise to encephalitis (4) Breakdown of tolerance ① Bypass of helper T cell tolerance ② Imbalance of suppressor-helper T cell function ③ Geneic fators ④ Emergence of a sequestered antigen ⑤ Polyclonal lymphocyte activation 3. Classification (1) Systemic autoimmune diseases ① Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a. Definition: It is the classic prototype of the multisystem disease of autoimmune origin. b. Characteristics (i) Immunologically, the disease involves a bewildering array of auto-antibodies, particularly antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). (ii) Anatomically, all sites of involment have in common vascular lesions with fibrinoid deposits. (iii) Clinically, it is an unpredictable remitting, relapsing disease of acute or insidious in the body, but principally affects the skin, kidneys, serosal membranes, joints and heart ② Sjogren’s syndrome（口眼干燥综合征） Definition: It is a clinicopathologic entity characterized by dry eyes and dry mouth resulting from immunologically mediated destruction of the lacrimal and salivary glands. ③ Scleroderma(硬皮病） ④ Rheumatoid arthritis ⑤ Polymyositis（多发性肌炎） ⑥ Polyarteritis nodosa （结节性多动脉炎） (2) Organ-specific diseases ①Hashimoto’s disease (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) ② Graves’s disease ③ Goodpasture’s syndrome ④ Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ⑤ Primary billiary cirrhosis ⑥ Chronic ulcerative colitis ⑦ Malignant pernicious anaemia with chronic atrophic gastritis ⑧ Chronic active hepatitis ⑨ Myas