地理信息系统chap02.pptVIP

2.1 Geographic Coordinate System 2.1 Geographic Coordinate System 2.1 Geographic Coordinate System 2.1 Geographic Coordinate System 2.1 Geographic Coordinate System 2.1.1 Approximation of the Earth 2.1.1 Approximation of the Earth 2.1.1 Approximation of the Earth 2.1.2 Datum 2.1.2 Datum 2.1.2 Datum 2.3 Commonly Used Map Projections 2.3 Commonly Used Map Projections 2.3 Commonly Used Map Projections 2.3 Commonly Used Map Projections 2.4 Projected Coordinate Systems 2.4 Projected Coordinate Systems * A location reference system for spatial features on the Earth’s surface. The geographic coordinate system is defined by longitude and latitude. Geographic coordinate system The angle east or west from the prime meridian. Longitude The angle north or south of the equatorial plane. Latitude Both longitude and latitude readings are angular measures. Lines of longitude that measure locations in the E-W direction on the geographic coordinate system. Meridians The prime meridian passes through Greenwich, England and has the reading of 0°. Using the prime meridian as a reference, we can measure the longitude value of a point on the Earth’s surface as 0° to 180° east or west of the prime meridian. Meridians are therefore used for measuring location in the E-W direction. The prime meridian and the equator serve as the baselines of the geographic coordinate system. The notation of geographic coordinates is therefore like plane coordinates: longitude values are equivalent of x values and latitude values are equivalent of y values. It is conventional in GIS to enter longitude and latitude values with positive or negative signs. Longitude positive negative in the eastern hemisphere in the western hemisphere Lantitude positive negative north of the equator south of the equator The angular measures of longitude and latitude may be expressed in: Given that 1 degree equals 60 minutes and 1 minute equals 60 seconds, we can easily convert between DMS an