2015离散数学谓词量词、变元的约束、翻译教程解决方案.pptVIP

将下列命题符号化 （1）兔子比乌龟跑得快 （2）有的兔子比乌龟跑得快 （3）并不是所有的兔子都比乌龟跑得快 （4）不存在跑得同样快的两只兔子 将下列命题符号化 （1）火车都比汽车快 （2）有的火车比有的汽车快 （3）不存在比所有火车都快的汽车 （4）说凡是汽车就比火车慢是不对的 将下列命题符号化 （1）有的汽车比有的火车跑得快 （2）有的火车比所有的汽车跑得快 （3）说所有的火车比所有汽车都跑得快是不对的 （4）说有的飞机比有的汽车慢也是不对的 谓词和量词 Predicates and Quantifiers 所有的人都是要死的，苏格拉底是人，所以苏格拉底是要死的。 Three tasks: 1. 谓词、个体词、量词 2. 谓词公式 3. Translate in two ways each of these statements into logical expressions using predicates, quantifiers, and logical connectives. First, let the domain consist of the students in our class and second , let it consist of all people. a) Everyone in our class has a mobile phone. b) Somebody in our class has seen a foreign movie. c) All students in our class can solve quadratic equations. d) Some student in our class does not want to be rich. (1) 是无理数 . (2) x是有理数. (3) 小王与小李同岁. (4) x 与y具有同学关系. 个体词the subject 个体词是指所研究对象中可以独立存在的具体的或抽象的客体。 将表示具体或特定的客体的个体词称作个体常项，一般用a,b,c,……表示。将表示抽象或泛指的个体词称为个体变项，用x,y,z……表示。 Predicate 谓词是用来刻画个体词性质及个体词之间相互关系的词。 The statement “x is greater than 3” has two parts. The first part, the variable x, is the subject of the statement. The second part—the predicate, “is greater than 3”—refers to a property that the subject of the statement can have. We can denote the statement “x is greater than 3” by P(x). where P denotes the predicate “is greater than 3” and x is the variable. The statement P(x) is also said to be the value of the propositional function P at x. Once a value has been assigned to the variable x, the statement P(x) becomes a proposition and has a truth value. Domain of discourse论域 个体变项的取值范围为个体域（或称论域）。有一个特殊的个体域，它是由宇宙间一切事物组成的，称为全总个体域。 Many mathematical statements assert that a property is true for all values of a variable in a particular domain, called the domain of discourse (or the universe of discourse), often just referred to as the domain. Note that the domain specifies the possible values of the variable x. (1) 是无理数 . (2) x是有理数. (3) 小王与小李同岁. (4) x 与y具有同学关系. (1) 凡人都