29,清华,基因.pptVIP

Chapter 29 Gradients, cascades, and signaling pathways 29.1 Introduction29.2 Fly development uses a cascade of transcription factors29.3 A gradient must be converted into discrete compartments29.4 Maternal gene products establish gradients in early embryogenesis29.5 Anterior development uses localized gene regulators29.6 Posterior development uses another localized regulator29.7 How are mRNAs and proteins transported and localized?29.8 Dorsal-ventral development uses localized receptor-ligand interactions29.9 TGFb/BMPs are diffusible morphogens29.10 Cell fate is determined by compartments that form by the blastoderm stage29.11 The wingless/wnt signaling pathway29.12 Complex loci are extremely large and involved in regulation29.13 The homeobox is a common coding motif in homeotic genes Development begins with a single fertilized egg, but gives rise to cells that have different developmental fates. The problem of early development is to understand how this asymmetry is introduced: how does a single initial cell give rise within a few cell divisions to progeny cells that have different properties from one another? The means by which asymmetry is generated varies with the type of organism. The egg itself may be homogeneous, with the acquisition of asymmetry depending on the process of the initial division cycles, as in the case of mammals. Or the egg may have an initial asymmetry in the distribution of its cytoplasmic components, which in turn gives rise to further differences as development proceeds, as in the case of Drosophila Development begins with a single fertilized egg, but gives rise to cells that have different developmental fates. The problem of early development is to understand how this asymmetry is introduced: how does a single initial cell give rise within a few cell divisions to progeny cells that have different properties from one another? The means by which asymmetry is generated varies with the type of organism. The egg itself may be homog