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Scrapers A scraper removes soil slice by slice, transports and places it in an earthen structure. Or pushes it to a dump and then levels it. When moving over freshly dug soil the scraper also partially compacts it. Scrapers are used extensively in road-making, industrial and hydro-technical construction. It has established an important position in the earth moving field. Scrapers can operate on a wide variety of soil, including black earth, sand and clay. On moist clay and black earth scrapers are not very efficient as the soil sticks to the walls of the bowl and clogs it; they are quite useless on boggy soil as the wheels sink into the mud. Loose sand does not fill the bowl well and leaves it with difficulty. Scrapers prove most useful on moderately wet sandy soil sand loams as they fill the entire volume of the bowl. Scrapers must not be used on soils containing large stones. Very heavy soils should be ripped before hand. Work is underway at present in countries on paddle feeders and elevators, which help to fill the bowl better, load the scraper more uniformly, and utilize the traction power of the tractor more effectively. The low speed of crawler tractors limits the operation range of towed scrapers to 100 or 300 meters. Bulldozers are more efficient at distances less than 100 meters, and self-powered scrapers with a traveling speed two or three times higher than that of crawler vehicles prove much better for distances 300 t0 5,000 meters. Scrapers can be classified as follows: By the geometrical capacity of the bowl : 1. 5, 3. 0, 6. 0, 10. 0, 15. 0, 25 m3 etc. By the mode of locomotion: trailer, semi-trailer and self-powered. By the method of discharge: with free, half-forced and forced discharge (Fig.1) Free discharge does not empty the bowl completely of sticky and moist soils and is employed only in low-capacity machines. Forced discharge proves most reliable, although it involves a greater consumption of power. By the system of control: scrapers wit