大物1-功和能描述.ppt

如下图所示，一个10kg重的砝码由一根弹簧悬挂在天花板上。这样的砝码－弹簧系统在达到平衡时，砝码底部距离地面约1m。然后拉伸弹簧，直到砝码正好位于鸡蛋的上方。当弹簧被释放时，砝码被收缩的弹簧向上拉起，然后在重力的影响下向下回落。在向下落的过程中，砝码 1. 恰好在鸡蛋的上方调转运动方向。 2. 恰好在到达鸡蛋的时候调转运动方向。 3. 撞到鸡蛋，一片狼藉。 概念测试题 答案：2。在初始的状态下，弹簧被拉伸直至砝码的底部正好位于鸡蛋的上方，系统所有的能量都以势能的形式存在。释放弹簧之后，这些能量中的一部分转换成弹簧和砝码运动的动能。然而，当砝码回到恰好在鸡蛋上方的位置，系统所有的能量一定又变成势能。因为没有动能，砝码会在初始释放的位置停住，所以鸡蛋是安全的。. 当一个小球和一个初始静止的较大质量的球发生弹性碰撞，大球趋向于保持静止，而小球几乎以原速弹回。现在考虑大球的惯性质量为M，以速度v运动，撞上一个初始静止的，惯性质量为m的小球。小球的动量变化是 1. Mv。 2. 2Mv。 3. mv。 4. 2mv。 5. 以上答案都不对。 概念测试题 答案：4。我们在随大球一起运动的参考系中考虑第二次碰撞。在这个运动参考系中，大球是静止的，小球以速度 –v向大球运动，而这正好是第一次碰撞。碰撞之后，小球以速度v弹回。在地球参考系中，速度相当于v+v=2v，因此动量变化是2mv，和第一次碰撞完全一样。 Answer: 3.The Earth plus box system is not isolated because the person pulling the box exerts both a force on the box (she is pulling it) and a force on the Earth (to move forward she must push off the ground). Since Earth is stationary and both the box and the person move at constant speed, the net external force is zero. Because of Newton’s second and third laws all the forces in the diagram have the same magnitude: FEb = Fpb = Fbp = FEp = FbE = FpE. Since the force FpE exerted by the person on Earth is in the opposite direction of the force Fpb exerted by the person on the box, the net force on the system (box + Earth) is zero. Because of Newton’s second and third laws all the forces in the diagram have the same magnitude: FEb = Fpb = Fbp = FEp = FbE = FpE. Since the force FpE exerted by the person on Earth is in the opposite direction of the force Fpb exerted by the person on the box, the net force on the system (box + Earth) is zero. Answer: 2.The displacement of Earth is zero, and so the work done by the person on Earth is zero. The displacement of the box is nonzero, however, and therefore the person does work on the box. The sum of the work done on the box and that done on Earth is then nonzero. Answer: 2.The ball’s acceleration is caused by the only force exerted on the ball: gravitation. Near the surface of Earth, the value of t