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Key to Uit 1大学英语4
Unit 1
Part I Listening Task
Script for the recording:
The severity of Russian winter is often linked with Russian military victories. In the Great Northern War, Charles XII of Sweden invaded the Russia of Peter the Great. The Russians retreated, adopting a scorched-earth policy. This particular winter happened to be the most brutal winter of the 18th century, so severe that the salt water port of Venice froze. Charles 35,000 troops were crippled, and only 19,000 were left after that winter.
In 1812, Napoleons army of 610,000 men invaded Russia, heading towards Moscow. The Russian army retreated before the French and again burnt their crops and villages, denying the enemy their use. Napoleons army was ultimately reduced to 100,000. His army suffered further, even more disastrous losses on the retreat from Moscow. According to an American military study, the main body of Napoleons army, initially at least 378,000 strong, diminished by half during the first eight weeks of his invasion, before the major battle of the campaign.
The argument of the Russian winter may be mythologized. Failed invaders liked to exaggerate the significance of weather conditions in their failures. According to the meteorological records, the 1812-1813 winter was milder than usual.
During WWII the only cold winter was in 1941-1942, and the German army lacked necessary supplies, such as winter uniforms, due to the many delays in its movements. Hitler was so confident of a quick victory that he did not prepare for even the possibility of winter warfare in Russia. He was too confident in his lightning war strategy. Yet his eastern army suffered more than 734,000 casualties during the first five months of the invasion, and on 27 November 1941, General Eduard Wagner reported that We are at the end of our resources in both personnel and materiel. We are about to be confronted with the dangers of deep winter.
After Listening
link
burnt their crops and villages
exaggerate the significance
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