unit 2-final.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Speech sounds 1. Introduction The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process of speech production and perception. Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学) is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics （声学语音学） is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学） is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. We are going to briefly look at articulatory phonetics. 2. Speech organs Speech organs are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The organs are not used for speech alone, as their primary function is to fulfill the basic biological needs of breathing and eating. Speech organs include: the lungs, the trachea （气管）, the throat (pharynx咽, larynx喉, where the vocal folds/cords is located声带), the nose, and the mouth (containing tongue and the palate腭). Speech sounds are produced with an air-stream as their sources of energy. The vocal folds, consisted of two parts, are horizontally located inside larynx. Where they are open and the airstream can pass without any stopping, the voiceless sounds are produced. The principal cavities or resonators: -the pharyngeal cavity -the oral cavity -the nasal cavity (-the labial cavity) The vocal tract: - the long tubular structure formed by the first three cavities. The Speech Organs Pharynx Oral Cavity Nasal Cavity Uvula Tongue (tip/blade/front/ middle/back/root) Hard Palate Soft Palate (Velum) Alveolar Ridge (teeth-ridge) Teeth (upper lower) Lips (upper lower) Epiglottis The Vocal Folds or Vocal Cords Diagram of the speech organs The process of producing speech The air breathed in→ lungs→the air pressed out→ ↗mouth cavity widepipe (trachea) → larynx → pharynx → ↘nasal cavity 3. Segments, divergences and phonetic transc