语用学合作原则和礼貌原则总结.pptVIP

The Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle of Pragmatics The Cooperative Principle (合作原则) CP的提出： by Herbert Paul Grice, 1975, “Logic and Conversation” According to Grice, people usually try to reach a common goal by mutual efforts or at least make the conversation develop in the direction of their expectation in conversational exchange. To achieve this, people need to cooperate with each other. Contents of CP (合作原则的内容) Quantity 量 Quality 质 Relation 相关 Manner 方式 1)Make your contribution as informative as required. 2)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quantity 不多说， 也不少说 Try to make your contribution one that is true: 1)Do not say what you believe to be false. 2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. . Quality 说真话 Be relevant. Relation 说话要 相关，贴切 Be perspicuous, and specifically: 1) avoid obscurity of expression.避免晦涩 2) avoid ambiguity.避免歧义 3) be brief.简单明了 4) be orderly.井井有条 . Manner In short Sub-consciously or even unconsciously, when we speak, we generally have something like the CP in our mind. 说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。 We will try to say things which are true, relevant, as well as informative enough, and in a clear manner. Violation of Quantity (量的违反) 1.A: Would you mind telling me your address? (您介意告诉我您的住址吗？) B: Somewhere In the south of Handan. (我住在邯郸的南边。) Violation of Quantity (量的违反) 2. A: Where is John? (约翰在哪呢？) B: He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left. ( 他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。) Violation of Quantity (量的违反) 3.Mei: Who answered the phone? (谁接的电话?) Yu: A woman. (一个女的。) Mei: What? What did she say? (嗯? 说什么?) Yu: She said, sorry, you dial telephone temporarily unable to get through. (“对不起，您拨打的电话暂时无法接通……”。) Violation of Quality (质的违反) Yu