Investment Tools Quantitative Methods1.docVIP

二、Investment Tools: Quantitative Methods 1.A.: Time Value of Money a: Calculate the future value (FV) and present value (PV) of a single sum of money. Future Value: FV = PV(1 + I/Y)N Where PV = the amount of money invested today, I/Y = the rate of return, and N = the length of the holding period. ? Example: Using a financial calculator, heres an example of how you would find the FV of a $300 investment (PV), given you earn a compound rate of return (I/Y) of 8% over a 10-year (N) period of time: N = 10, I/Y = 8, PV = 300; CPT FV = $647.68 (ignore the sign). ? Present Value: PV = FV / (1 + I/Y)N ? Example: Using a financial calculator, heres an example of how youd find the PV of a $1,000 cash flow (FV) to be received in 5 (N) years, given a discount rate of 9% (I/Y). N = 5, I/Y = 9, FV = 1,000; CPT PV = $649.93 (ignore the sign). b: Calculate an unknown variable, given the other relevant variables, in single-sum problems. Example 1: Solving for I/Y In this example, you want to find the rate of return (I/Y) that youll have to earn on a $500 investment (PV) in order for it to grow to $2,000 (FV) in 15 years (N). This very same problem could also be set up in terms of growth rates - e.g., what rate of growth (I/Y) is necessary for a companys sales to grow from $500 per year (PV) to $2,000 per year (FV) in 15 years (N).? ? N = 15, PV = -500, FV = 2,000; CPT I/Y = 9.68% ? Example 2: Solving for N In this example, you want to find out how many years (N) it will take for a $500 investment (PV) to grow to $1,000 (FV), given that we can earn 7% annually (I/Y) on your money. ? I/Y = 7, PV = -500, FV = 1,000; CPT N = 10.24 years. c: Calculate the FV and PV of an regular annuity and an annuity due. Calculate the FV of an ordinary annuity: Example: Find the FV of an ordinary annuity that will pay $150 per year at the end of each of the next 15 years, given the investment is expected to earn a 7% rate of return. ? N = 15, I/Y = 7%, PMT = $150; CPT FV = $3,769.35 (ignore