现代操作系统Modern Opera System-3e-02.pptVIP

Semaphores(cont.) Semaphores(cont.) Semaphores(cont.) E.g. semaphore S s.value is an integer that, apart from initialization, can be accessed only through two standard atomic operations: P and V. A semaphore may be initialized to a nonnegative value. The P operation decrements the semaphore value. If the value becomes negative, then the process executing the P is blocked. The V operation increments the semaphore values. If the value is not positive, then a process blocked by a P operation is unblocked. atomic operations A group of related operations are either all performed without interruption or not performed at all. Implementation of Semaphores P(s) s--; if (s0) { place this process in s.queue; block this process; } V(s) s++; if (s=0) { remove a process from s.queue; place the process on ready list; } Semaphores Using in critical section semaphore mutex=1; void example(void) { while(TRUE) { P(mutex); critical section; V(mutex); non-critical section; } } Semaphore’s meaning and use Semaphore’s meaning s is a semaphore When s0, s is number of available resources. When s=0, |s| is number of the processes that is waiting for s in the waiting queue. Semaphore’s use Mutual exclusion(互斥) Synchronization(同步) The producer-consumer problem using semaphores void producer(void) { int item; while(TRUE) { item = produce_item( ); insert_item(item); } } Semaphores The producer-consumer problem using semaphores Monitors Hansen[1973] and Hoare[1974] proposed a higher-level synchronization primitive called a monitor. A monitor is a collection of procedures, variables, and data structures that are all grouped together in a special kind of module or package. Processes may call the procedures in a monitor whenever they want to, but they cannot directly access the monitor’s internal data structures from procedures declared outside the monitor. A moni