Listening trategies 听力技巧.doc

1. Listening Strategies Listening strategies are techniques or activities that contribute directly to the comprehension and recall of listening input. Listening strategies can be classified by how the listener processes the input. Top-down strategies are listener based; the listener taps into background knowledge of the topic, the situation or context, the type of text, and the language. This background knowledge activates a set of expectations that help the listener to interpret what is heard and anticipate what will come next. Top-down strategies include listening for the main idea predicting drawing inferences summarizing Bottom-up strategies are text based; the listener relies on the language in the message, that is, the combination of sounds, words, and grammar that creates meaning. Bottom-up strategies include listening for specific details recognizing cognates recognizing word-order patterns Strategic listeners also use metacognitive strategies to plan, monitor, and evaluate their listening. They plan by deciding which listening strategies will serve best in a particular situation. They monitor their comprehension and the effectiveness of the selected strategies. They evaluate by determining whether they have achieved their listening comprehension goals and whether the combination of listening strategies selected was an effective one. Other Strategies: anticipation key-word strategy selective attention using contextual clues grouping elaboration, self-monitoring imaging note-taking repeated listening recognizing redundancies summarizing reflecting evaluating watch for no-verbal communications 2. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Listening Practice The fact that listening is a complex multistep procedure that involves different types of processing implies that both top-down and bottom-up skills should be practiced in the classroom. Although many teachers tend to favor such top-down activities as comprehension questions, predicting, and listing, listening