Urban desin Movements(城市设计运动).docVIP

Urban design Movements New Urbanism is a urban design movement that arose in the United States in the early 1980s. Its goal is to reform many aspects of real estate development and urban planning,form urban retrofits to suburban infill. New urbanist neighborhoods are designed to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs,and to be walkable. New Urbanism can include (neo）traditional neighborhood design,transit-oriented development,and New Pedestrianism.New Urbanism is the re-invention of the old urbanism,commonly seen before the advent of the automobile age,while New Pedestrianism is a further elaboration of less common,pedestrian-oriented,urban design experiments that date to the early 20th century. Background Through the frist quarter of the 20th century,cities in the United States were develop in the form of compact,mixed-use neighborhoods.That pattern began to change when cheap rapigid transit enabled the emergence of streetcar suburbs, modern architecture,zoning codes,and the ascension of the automobile. A new system of development with a rigorous separation of uses,known as suburban development,or pejoratively as urban sprawl ,arose after World War 2 .The majority of U.S.citizens now live in suburban communities built in the last fifty years. Suburban development consumes large areas of countryside, and automobile use per capita has soared . New urbanism is a reaction to sprawl,based on planning and architectural principles working together to create human-scale walkable communities. It is rooted in the work of architects,planners,and theorists who believed that conventional planning thought was failing . Social philosopher and historian Lewis Mumford criticized the “antiurban”development of post-war America.The Death and Life of Great American Cities,written by Jane Jacobs in the early 1960s,called for planners to reconsider the single-use housing projects,large car-dependent thoroughfares,and segregated commercial centers that had become the “norm”. In th