Chapter Two Phonetics and Phonology.pptVIP

Organs of speech (发音器官) 1/2 lips 3/4 teeth 5 teeth ridge (alveolus)(齿龈) 6 hard palate(硬腭) 7 soft palate (velum)(软腭) 8 tip of tongue(舌尖) 9 blade of tongue(舌面) 10 back of tongue(舌根) 11 pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) 12 glottis/vocal cords(声带) 13 windpipe(气管) 14 uvula(小舌) 15. nasal cavity(鼻腔) A dichotomy(二分法) of English speech sounds 1. Vowels(20): Speech sounds which are produced with no obstruction(阻塞) in the vocal tract(声道), so no turbulence(震动) or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 2. Consonants(24): Speech sounds which are produced by constricting(收缩) or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert(转移), impede(阻碍), or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. Classification of English consonants 1. In terms of manner of articulation: A. stops/plosives (爆破音): [p, b, t, d, k, g] B. fricatives (摩擦音): [f, v, s, z, ?, ?, θ, e, h] C. affricates (塞擦音) : [t?, d?] D. glides(滑音) or semivowels(半元音)：[w, j] E. nasals (鼻音): [m, n, ?] F. liquids (流音): [l, r] (lateral (舌边音): [l]) Classification of English consonants 2. In terms of place of articulation: A. bilabial(双唇): [p, b, m, w] B. labiodental(唇齿): [f, v] C. dental(齿): [θ, e] D. alveolar(齿龈): [t, d, s, z, n, l, r] E. palatal(硬腭): [?, ?, t?, d?, j] F. velar(软腭): [k, g, ?] G. glottal(声门): [h] Classification of English consonants 3. In terms of voicing(浊音化): A. voiceless (清): consonants produced when vocal cords are apart, and air passes through easily. [p, t, k, f, θ, s, ?, h, t? ] B. voiced(浊): consonants produced when the vocal cords are closed, and the air-stream causes them to vibrate again each other. [b, d, g, v, e, z, ?, d?, m, n, ?, l, r, w, j] 注：所有的元音都是浊音，故而是清是浊只对辅音的区分有意义。 Classification of English vowels A dichotomy: A. Monophthongs (单元音): individual vowels B. Diphthongs (双元音): vowels which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. [eI, aI, I, au, ?u, I?, e?, u?] Some examples