chapter 2 speech sounds.ppt.ppt

Assimilation in Mandarin 好啊 hao wa 跳啊 tiao wa 海啊 hai ya 看啊 kan na 唱啊 chang a …… (2) Assimilation 同化现象 Nasalization, dentalization, velarization Nasalization, dentalization, and velarization are all instances of assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. The process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation. （顺） Plays cats beds Played worked called If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation. (逆） newspaper [s]----[z] sun glasses [n]--- [?] Worthy [?] --[e] Assimilation VS. Coarticulation ---used synonymously Assimilation is a phonological term, while coarticulation is more of a phonetic term. Assimilation is more associated with phonological process, such as nasalization, devoicing, velarization, while coarticulation is about the simultaneous or overlapping articulation of two sounds. Note: Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries. E.g.: pan [?] cake sun [?] glass You can [?] keep them. He can [?] go now. English Fricative Devoicing擦音清音化 Phonological Process A set of sounds to undergo the process---- source segments A set of sounds produced by the process---- target segments A set of environment in which the process applies Phonological Rule: The process can be represented by means of an arrow : 1) /v/ [f] 2) voiced fricative or affricate voiceless/ _____ voiceless /v/ ? [f] /z/ ? [s] etc. voiced fricative ? voiceless / ____ voiceless Nasalization rule: [-nasal] ? [+nasal] / ____ [+nasal] Dentalization rule: [-dental] ? [dental] / ____ [+dental] Velarization rule: [-velar] ? [+velar] / ____ [+velar] Epenthesis, rule ordering and the Elsewhere Condition 增音，规则顺序和剩余位