Status of Experiments onCharge- and Flux- Entanglements.ppt

Status of Experiments on  Charge- and Flux- Entanglements * October 18, 2002, Workshop on Quantum Information Science 中央研究院 物理研究所 陳啟東 Quantum-state engineering: 1. Atomic physics 2. Molecular physics 3. NMR 4. Solid-state devices Objectives: Quantum computation and quantum communication Two kinds of Josephson junction systems for quantum bits: 1. Charge qubit: controlled by gate voltages 2. Flux qubit: controlled by magnetic fields Advantages of Solid-state devices: Easily embedded in electronic circuits Scaled up to large registers Solid-state devices: 1. Josephson junction systems 2. Quantum dots with discrete levels 3. Nanostructured materials with spin degrees of freedom Quantum computer : formed by a system whose state is restricted to being an arbitrary superposition of two “basis” states. Sources of dephasing: 1. External leads (for qubit manipulations) 2. Noise (e.g. 1/f) from the control signal (e.g. gate voltages) Directions to minimize dephasing: 1. Low temperatures. 2. Choosing suitable coupling parameters. 3. Switch on measurements only needed (to minimize dissipative processes) Issues: 1. Limited phase coherence time Tj and energy relaxation time Tl (usually Tl Tj) 2. Read out of the final state of the system n: number operator of excess Cooper-pair charges on the island : the phase of superconducting order parameter of the island : gate charge = the control parameter EC=charging energy; EJ=Josephson coupling energy Charge Qubit in a Superconducting Single Electron Transistor 2e -Vb/2 Vg source drain gate 2e VC C1 C2 Cg +Vb/2 ?S? ?A? ?0? ?0? ?1? ?1? EJ Energy Varying CgVg ?0? ?1? Oscillation between ?A? and ?S? with angular frequency Spectroscopy of Energy-Level Splitting between Two Macroscopic Quantum States of Charge Coherently Superposed by Josephson Coupling Y. Nakamura, C. D. Chen, and J. S. Tsai PRL, v. 79, p. 2328 (1997) SQUID E/EC Qo/e Qo/e Qo/e Frequency (GHz) Current (pA) Qo/e B-fiel