LanguageLearningtheories概要.docVIP

I. Linguistics theories and approaches Generally linguistic has experienced 3 stages: prescriptive（规定性的）, descriptive（描写性的）, explanatory（解释性的）. Ancient Greek grammar to linguistics in the 18th century belonged to traditional grammar and were prescriptive and based on Latin grammar and classic works of the masters. In terms of the study of form and meaning, 3 stages can be divided into: traditional grammar is from meaning, structurlism is from form, while Halliday tries to combine form and meaning. I. Traditional grammar 1. Ancient Greek grammar eg: Plato, Aristotle etc. 2. Ancient Roman grammar 3. Grammar in the Middles Ages 4. Linguistics from the Renaissance to the 18th century 5. Linguistics of ancient India ---Sanskrit Features: prescriptive, based on Latin grammar and classic works of the masters Before the 19th century, prescriptive, diachronic Normative grammar A grammar which contains rules for what is considered to be correct or appropriate usage. The rules may be based on classical literary works or the speech of those people who are considered as models for others to copy. In a nation in which many different dialects are spoken, a national language may be developed and a normative grammar and dictionary produced. II. 19th century and historical linguistics 十九世纪有着划时代的意义。它是社会变革的一百年，是科学文化大发展的一百年。人类进人十九世纪之后，随着社会的巨大变革及社会科学和自然科学的巨大发展，思想空前活跃，思潮此彼伏。其总的方向是向科学化、非宗教化．理性化方向发展。人类对语言的观察和研究深深地受到哲学和自然科学的影响。在理论上仍然有不少学者探讨语言是与生俱来的还是天习得的问题。在语言历史方面，人们发现了大量的现象语言之间的亲属关系，提出了许多语言是从同一始源语（parlanguage）演变而来的观点，而且划出了语言“谱系”。整个十九 历史语言学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究某种语言或各种语言的发展史，称为“历时语言学”。十九世纪时，历史语言学与比较语言学有很多的相同之处，它们都是通过比较各种语言在不同时期在语音、词形、屈变化。语法结构上的相同特点，来建立言族系如拉丁语系罗曼语系，日尔曼语系，斯拉夫语系等，并对这些语系的始源语作出设 2.1 early historical linguistics 2.2 Grimm’s Law and Verner’s law “格里姆定律”为德国语言学家雅各布·格里姆（1781—1863）所制订，主要探讨原始印欧语语音与原始德语语音、原始德语语音与高地（现代）德语语音等的变换关系。他与其弟卡尔为《格里姆童话集》的作者。 他说，语言是讲话者产生语言和理解语言的能力，而不是说话或写字所产生的可观的结也就是说，语言是种创造能力，不是一种客观结果，更不是语法学家分析出来的套一成不变的规则他认为，语言能力是人类大脑功能的重要组成部分；否则，儿童就不可能