生英语(提高版)unit8-14学术写作分解.pptVIP

An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47). A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes. (OWL) Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Unit Twelve Abstract Writing Abstract Should stand alone Should be clear and concise Most abstracts are now structured Should tell the reader why the study was done, what was done, what was found, what was concluded Four Cs of Abstract Writing Complete — it covers the major parts of the project/case Concise — it contains no excess wordiness or unnecessary information. Clear — it is readable, well organized, and not too jargon-laden. Cohesive — it flows smoothly between the parts. The “Code” of Writing Scientific Abstracts When writing abstracts, you should think of each sentence as representing one of the following “codes” based on its function: (根据功能，每个句子分别代表以下“密码”) B = Background information (背景信息) P = Principal activity/purpose/scope/aims of study (主要活动/目的/范围/研究目标) M = Information about methodology (方法学) F = Main findings/results (重要发现/结果) C = Main implications/conclusions of the work (重要意义/研究结论) S = Suggestions/recommendations (提示/建议) *Tip: B, P, M, F, China Science! Adapted from Weissburg and Buker (1994) Types of abstract Descriptive Abstracts陈述型论文摘要 The descriptive abstract, which is usually quite short, merely indicates what topics or areas are covered