USP232中英对照-USP38-NF33.docx

232ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES—LIMITSINTRODUCTIONThis general chapter specifies limits for the amounts of elemental impurities in drug products. Elemental impurities include catalysts and environmental contaminants that may be present in drug substances, excipients, or drug products. These impurities may occur naturally, be added intentionally, or be introduced inadvertently (e.g., by interactions with processing equipment and the container closure system). When elemental impurities are known to be present, have been added, or have the potential for introduction, assurance of compliance to the specified levels is required. A risk-based control strategy may be appropriate when analysts determine how to assure compliance with this standard. Due to the ubiquitous nature of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercuy, they (at the minimum) must be considered in the risk-based control strategy assessment. Regardless of the approach used, compliance with the limits specified is required for all drug products unless otherwise specified in an individual monograph or excluded in paragraph three of this introduction.The drug products containing purified proteins and polypeptides (including proteins and polypeptides produced from recombinant or non-recombinant origins), their derivatives, and products of which they are components (e.g., conjugates) are within the scope of this chapter, as are drug products containing synthetically produced polypeptides, polynucleotides, and oligosaccharides.This chapter does not apply to radiopharmaceuticals, vaccines, cell metabolites, DNA products, allergenic extracts, cells, whole blood, cellular blood components or blood derivatives including plasma and plasma derivatives, dialysate solutions not intended for systemic circulation, and elements that are intentionally included in the drug product for therapeutic benefit. This chapter does not apply to products based on genes (gene therapy), cells (cell therapy), and tissue (tissue engineering).The limits pr