第7章裝港和卸港.docx

第7章 装港和卸港在本书第四章提到的了船东在明示条款中承诺的绝对或严格的义务包括开航去约定的装港及装了货物后开往约定的卸港。金康格式第1条是这样写的：The said vessel shall proceed to the loading port or place stated in Box 10 or so near thereto as she may safely get and lie always afloat……and being so loaded the vessel shall proceed to the discharging port or place stated in Box 11 as ordered on signing Bills of Lading or so near thereto as she may safely get and lie always afloat…1 租约与买卖合约的关系程租租约规定的装港和卸港必须与之前已经订立的买卖合约相匹配。买卖合约会有可能会明确载明装港和卸港，但也可能只是约定一个比较广泛的区域（例如是美湾或是上海以北的中国港口），这可能是由于FOB的卖方有几个可能的交货地点，不能太早去确定向买方交货的地点，希望等到在买方要派船时才作出决定是哪一个装港。在Bunge v Tradax一案中，买卖玉米的合约采用FOB价格条款，装港是：FOB one US Gulf port at Sellers’ option stowed/trimmed，另外还有条款要求买方给予15天的派船通知，而卖方则可以在此后的合理时间内决定装港。在这种情况下，作为承租人的FOB买方在订立租约时就应当确保租约的装港是美湾的一个港口。卸港的约定和装港应当是一样的。在The Rio Sun 一案中，按照买卖合约的规定，CIF买方有权决定卸货地点：Delivery will be made on a CIF basis to Buyer’s required destination allowed by the above options.而在The Epaphus一案中，买卖合约则是明确约定卸港为“一意大利主要港口”。买卖合约中负责租船的一方在洽谈租约时应当确保租约的规定和买卖合约的规定相吻合。这吻合不仅指关于港口的规定要吻合，在其他方面的规定也要吻合，例如可使用多少泊位，指定港口的时限，以及指定卸港后或在提单已填上了卸港后是否可以更改等。下文将针对这些问题进行详细的论述。在买卖合约中，关于装卸港的规定应当是条件条款 (condition)。因此，FOB卖方在与买方约定了装港以及装货地点后却无法交货的即构成违约，而且违反的是买卖合约的条件条款，正如Colman法官在Petrotrade Inc v Stinnes Handel GmbH一案中所指出的：In a FOB contract where the buyer has to nominate the ship the precise identification of the delivery point is vital to the buyer. In order to take delivery he in turn has to enter into a contract of affreightment with a carrier which exactly matches the sale contract. If he has chartered a ship to load at a given port where the goods are to be delivered to the ship under the sale contract it is at that port and only at that port that he can require the chartered ship to load. He is not entitled to nominate another port unless the charter-party provides for a loading port range. It will not necessarily do so. The response that he may be able to persuade the carrier to go to a nearby port for a modest extra payment which would be recoverable from the seller in damages is no