Chapter4FromWordtoText课程.pptVIP

3) Agreement with verb Ex. a. He loves dog. 4) Content questions: Ex. a. Who told you the story? b. What did he tell you? 5) Tag question: the pronoun refers back to the subject Ex. a. John loves Mary, doesn’t he? b. *John loves Mary, doesn’t she? 4.3.2 Predicate PREDICATE: a major constituent of sentence structure in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together NOTE: express actions, processes and the state which relates to the subject Ex. a. The boy is running. b. Mary is hungry. PREDICATOR: verb or verbs included in a predicate 4.3.3 Object ?Direct object and indirect object Ex. He gave me a book. Accusative case (direct object) and dative case (indirect object) Ex. a. Inominative saw himaccusative. b. I gave a book to himdative. Properties of English objects Word order and inflection Ex. He wrote a letter to me. subject in a passive transformation Ex. a. Henry found the boy. (The boy was found by Henry.) b. The rain lasted three days. (* Three days were lasted by the rain.) 4.3.4 The Relation between Classes and Functions No one-to-one correspondence One class —— multiple functions Ex. a. The best-seller is a fantastic book. (subject, object) b. the winter vocation (modifier) c. They changed trains. (comp.) One function —— multiple class Ex. a. The kitchen is always kept clean. (Nominal) b. We are happy to celebrate the Spring Festival. (Pronoun) c. To celebrate the lunar new year is a Chinese tradition. (Verbal) 4.4 Category CATEGORY: classes and functions in narrow sense, e.g., noun, verb, subject, predicate, NP, VP, etc. CATEGORY: the defining properties of the general units, e.g., number, gender, and case , countability of noun; tense, aspect, voice of verb 4.4.1 Number NUMBER: a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying contrasts such as singular, dual, plural, etc. English, French: singular, plural Classical Greek, Arabic: singular, plural, dual Fijian: