英语语言学第三部分学习课件.pptVIP

* Lecture 3 Lexicon Morphology Lexicon Lexicon：In its most general sense, lexicon is synonymous with vocabulary. In this sense, lexicon is the collection of all the words of a language. In its technical sense, lexicon is synonymous with lexicology, which is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language; in other words, it deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations. 1. Word 1.1 What is word A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. 1.2 Four senses of “word” a. word is meaningful: b. word is a grammatical unit: c. word can be used independently: d. word is relatively stable and uninterruptible 1.3 Classification of word a. Variable vs. invariable words Variable words: words that have series of grammatically different forms. Eg. Follow follows following followed b. Grammatical words vs. lexical words Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. Invariable words: words that do not have inflective endings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. Lexical words: refer to substance, actions and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. c. Closed-class words vs. open-class words Closed-class words: words that cannot be extended by the creation of additional members. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc are all closed-class words. Open-class words: words can be extended. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many verbs are all open-class words. 2.word class: wilder range of word class newly introduced word class: (1) particles小品词　infinitive marker ‘to’, the negative marker ‘not’, phrasal verbs, such as get by, do up, look back, etc (2) auxiliaries助动词 (3) pro-form替代形式 you pen is red, so is mine. He knows English better than