4.SELET语句.ppt

* Comparison Conditions Comparison conditions are used in conditions that compare one expression to another value or expression. They are used in the WHERE clause in the following format: Syntax ... WHERE expr operator value Example ... WHERE hire_date = 01-JAN-95 ... WHERE salary = 6000 ... WHERE last_name = Smith An alias cannot be used in the WHERE clause. Note: The symbols != and ^= can also represent the not equal to condition. * Using Comparison Conditions In the example, the SELECT statement retrieves the last name and salary from the EMPLOYEES table for any employee whose salary is less than or equal to $3,000. Note that there is an explicit value supplied to the WHERE clause. The explicit value of 3000 is compared to the salary value in the SALARY column of the EMPLOYEES table. * * * Basic SELECT Statement In its simplest form, a SELECT statement must include the following: A SELECT clause, which specifies the columns to be displayed A FROM clause, which identifies the table containing the columns that are listed in the SELECT clause In the syntax: SELECT is a list of one or more columns * selects all columns DISTINCT suppresses duplicates column|expression selects the named column or the expression alias gives selected columns different headings FROM table specifies the table containing the columns Note: Throughout this course, the words keyword, clause, and statement are used as follows: A keyword refers to an individual SQL element.For example, SELECT and FROM are keywords. A clause is a part of a SQL statement.For example, SELECT employee_id, last_name, ... is a clause. A statement is a combination of two or more clauses.For example, SELECT * FROM employees is a SQL statement. * Selecting All Columns of All Rows You can display all columns of data in a table by following the SELECT keyword with an asterisk (*). In the example in the slide, the department table contains four columns: DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME, MANAGER