PhysicPhysics201312Quantum420130522.pptVIP

Basis of Quantum Mechanics(4) Thu May 20, 2010  Tue May 31, 2011  Tue May 29, 2012  Wed May 22, 2013Erwin Schrodinger made a profound discovery in 1927 by showing that the discrete energy states of Matter could be determined by Wave Equations. A?wave function?or wavefunction?in?quantum mechanics?describes the quantum state?of a particle and how it behaves. Typically, its values are complex numbers?and, for a single particle, it is a function?of space and time.?Ψ pronounced?/Psi /??in English . ? 有些研究隧穿效应的物理学家认为，粒子只不过拥有波样的物理行为，实际上粒子是质点样的。支持这看法的实验证据非常稀少。多数物理学家比较偏好的看法是，粒子实际上是非局域的 (delocalized)，而是波样的，总是表现出波样的物理行为。 理论上，宏观物体也能发生隧穿效应。人也有可能穿过墙壁，但要求组成这个人的所有微观粒子都同时穿过墙壁，其实际上几乎是完全不可能，以至于人类历史以来还没有成功的纪录。 Additional problem 4: Calculate the uncertainty in velocity of an electron if the uncertainty in its position is 3x10-10m. Assingnment: P268 15-16、17、18、19 With a specified principal quantum number n, the possible quantum states Zn is:2 Many-electron Atoms For n shell l N1234 5 6 mark symbol KL M N O P for subshell l l0 1 2 3 4 5 symbols p d f g h 2 Many-electron Atoms We use format n l (where n using number 1,2,3… l using symbol s,p,d,f,g,h...)stand for a state of an electron in atoms. For example: 1s or 4d , the electron configuration for hydrogen atom in its ground state is 1s. the electron configuration for lithium atom in its ground state is 1s22s. The consequence for electrons to occupy the state in atom is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p7s 5f 6d 7p The principle limits the electron occupancy of quantum energy level as follow: Pauli Exclusion principle No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of quantum numbers. We will construct the electron configuration of many-electron atoms by first setting up the scheme of fig15-1 . The principal quantum number n is the chief determinant of the energy,and the values of the principal quantum number assign an electron to a certain shell. ShellsubshellMaximumElectron Occupan