生物学导论biology16.pptVIP

预习内容 What is included in the circulation system? What is the composition of blood? What are the processes included in getting nutrients in the cells? Chap 16 Population Ecology Concepts 16.1 Population Characteristic 16.2 Reproductive Capacity 16.3 The Population Growth Curve 16.4 Population-Size Limitation 16.5 Categories of Limiting Factors 16.6 Limiting Factors to Human Population Growth Key terms Age distribution 年龄分布 Biotic potential 生物潜能 Carrying capacity 承载能力 Death phase 死亡阶段 Environmental resistance 环境阻力 Exponential growth phase 指数生长期 Extrinsic factors 外因 Intrinsic factors 内在因素 Lag phase 迟滞期 Mortality 死亡率 Natality 出生率 Population density 种群密度 Population growth curve 种群生长曲线 Reproductive capacity 繁殖能力 Sex ratio 性别比例 Stable equilibrium phase 稳定的平衡期 16.1 Population characteristics Population (群体): a group of organisms of the same species located in the same place at the same time; rat population in the sewer of city population – species A species is the largest population of a particular kind of organism Population refers to portions of a species by specifying a space and time Distinct populations of same species: 1. Gene frequency (基因频率): gene flow (基因流) 2. Age distribution: number of organisms of each age in the population prereproductive juveniles 青少年 reproductive adults postreproductive adults 中国人口统计 3. Sex ratio: the number of males in a population compared to the number of females Elk：several female per male Sex ratios in China 在2002年全国出生的1604万人中，男孩比女孩多了近150万人 20年后全国因出生原因造成的男女性别不平衡人口则多达3000万人 1998年 100：108.5，2000年 100：119.9 (第五次人口调查) Population density 种群密度: the number of organisms of a species per unit area Population pressure 群体压力: increases in the intensity of competition that cause changes in the environment and lead to dispersal 16.2 Reproductive capacity Reproductive capacity (or biotic potential) 繁殖能力: theoretical maximum rate of reproduction The biotic potential is many times larger than the number of offspring needed simple for