哈工大计算机网络chapter5c学习课件.pptVIP

Ethernet Switches layer 2 (frame) forwarding, filtering using LAN addresses Switching: A-to-B and A’-to-B’ simultaneously, no collisions large number of interfaces often: individual hosts, star-connected into switch Ethernet, but no collisions! Ethernet Switches cut-through switching: frame forwarded from input to output port without awaiting for assembly of entire frame slight reduction in latency combinations of shared/dedicated, 10/100/1000 Mbps interfaces Ethernet Switches (more) IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN wireless LANs: untethered (often mobile) networking IEEE 802.11 standard: MAC protocol unlicensed frequency spectrum: 900Mhz, 2.4Ghz Ad Hoc Networks Ad hoc network: IEEE 802.11 stations can dynamically form network without AP Applications: “laptop” meeting in conference room, car interconnection of “personal” devices battlefield IETF MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) working group IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA 802.11 CSMA: sender - if sense channel idle for DIFS sec. then transmit entire frame (no collision detection) -if sense channel busy then binary backoff 802.11 CSMA receiver: if received OK return ACK after SIFS IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol 802.11 CSMA Protocol: others NAV: Network Allocation Vector 802.11 frame has transmission time field others (hearing data) defer access for NAV time units Hidden Terminal effect hidden terminals: A, C cannot hear each other obstacles, signal attenuation collisions at B goal: avoid collisions at B CSMA/CA: CSMA with Collision Avoidance Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange CSMA/CA: explicit channel reservation sender: send short RTS: request to send receiver: reply with short CTS: clear to send CTS reserves channel for sender, notifying (possibly hidden) stations avoid hidden station collisions Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange RTS and CTS short: collisions less likely, of shorter duration end result similar to collision detection IEEE 802.11 allows: CSMA CSMA/CA: reservations polling from AP