RadiationTrainingCourse核辐射基础知识.pptVIP

Maquette Radiation Training Course 天然辐射 Radiation is the emission of energy from an atom in the form of either an electromagnetic wave or a particle travelling at high speed The atom emits this energy to reach a more stable (i.e. lower energy) state 辐射是原子通过发射电磁波或粒子而释放能量的过程。原子通过释放能量从而达到稳定的状态。 原子 原子 (2) 原子 (3) 原子 (4) 原子 (5) 同位素 (1) 同位素 (2) Types of Atomic Radiation Alpha particle (α) Beta particle (β) Gamma radiation (γ) Neutrons There are other types of radiation but they are beyond the scope of this training course Alpha Particles An α-particle is a nucleus of a helium atom, ejected at high speed by disintegration of the nucleus of a larger (heavier) atom It consists of 2 neutrons and 2 protons It carries a double positive charge α粒子是由重核衰变产生的，由2个中子与2个质子组成，带2个单位正电荷。 Beta Particles A β-particle is an electron ejected at high speed from a disintegrating atom It carries a single negative charge β粒子是由原子核产生的高速电子，带1个单位负电荷 Gamma Radiation A γ -ray is a pulse of high frequency electromagnetic radiation ejected from the nucleus of a disintegrating atom It carries no electrical charge γ射线是由原子核衰变产生的高能电磁波，不带电 X- Radiation An X-ray is a pulse of high frequency electromagnetic radiation ejected from an atom when an orbital electron drops from a high-energy (‘excited’) state to a lower-energy state It carries no electrical charge X射线是核外电子由高能态跃迁到低能态时产生的电磁波，不带电 Neutrons Neutrons are emitted from the nucleus as a result of radioactive decay of some unstable atoms: ‘Fission products’ formed just after a heavy atom, such as Uranium, has been split (‘fissioned’) This occurs mainly in nuclear reactors and atomic weapon explosions Some very heavy isotopes show a process known ‘spontaneous fission’; they emit neutrons (examples are plutonium-240, and californium-252) Certain radioisotope sources are designed to emit neutrons, for example americium-241 mixed with beryllium Neutrons carry no electrical charge 中子是不稳定的原子核衰变时产生的，不带电 辐射的穿透性 (1) Alpha particles are not very penetr