中石油2016通用英语选读课文16.docVIP

16. Unconventional Oil and Gas 非常规油气 1.One of the universally普遍地 accepted definitions定义 for unconventional非传统的 oil and gas is that they are extracted开采、萃取 using techniques other than the conventional method.In terms of依据，在某方面 the chemical composition,unconventional oil and gas are identical to与…相同，identical同一的，同样的 conventional.Unconventional oil consists of包含 oil sands,extra heavy oil and shale oil,which need advanced先进的 technology to be extracted.Unconventional gas is found in highly compact致密的，紧凑的 rock or coalbeds and requires a specific set of production techniques. 1.非常规油气的一个广为接受的定义是它们是以非常规手段开发的油气。从化学成分上来看，非常规油气和常规油气是相同的。非常规石油包括油砂、超重石油和页岩油，但需要先进技术开采。非常规天然气存于高度致密的岩石或煤层中，需要使用特殊开采技术才能获得。 2.Oil Sands 2.油砂 3.Tar sands 焦油砂are a combination of结合 clay,sand,water,and bitumen沥青,a heavy black viscous oil粘性油.Tar sands can be mined开采 and processed加工 to extract the oil-rich bitumen,which is then refined精制，精练 into oil.The bitumen in tar sands cannot be pumped注入 from the ground in its natural state自然状态;instead tar sand deposits are mined,usually using strip mining露天开采 or open pit采石场，露天开采 techniques,or the oil is extracted by underground heating with additional upgrading. 3.焦油砂是一种粘土、砂、水和沏青（一种重质黑色稠油）的混合物。通过开采和加工焦油砂，可获取富含石油的沥青质，然后再将沥青质炼制成石油。油砂中的天然沥青无法从地下泵上来，但油砂沉积物可以开采出来，通常使用露天开采技术或地下加热处理技术开采。 4.Tar sands deposits near the surface can be recovered by open pit mining露天开采 techniques.New methods introduced in the 1990’s considerably improved the efficiency效率 of tar sands mining,thus reducing the cost.These systems use large hydraulic液压的，水力的，水压的 and electrically powered shovels铲，铁铲 to dig up tar sands and load them into enormous巨大的 trucks that can carry up to 320 tons of tar sands per load. 4.近地表的焦油砂沉积物，可以通过露天采矿技术进行开采。20世纪90年代引进的新方法大大提高了焦油砂的开采效率，从而降低了成本。这些方法包括使用大型液压挖土机和电动挖土机挖掘焦油砂，然后装载到巨型卡车上，这种卡车每次可负载多达320吨的焦油砂。 5.After mining,the tar sands are transported运送 to an extraction plant,where a hot water process separates分离 the bitumen from sand,water,and minerals矿物质.The separation takes