Generlized and Particularized____ Implicatures.ppt

Generally, conversational implicatures can be divided into two kinds: Generalized and Particularized. Exercise1 For each dialogue, answer the accompanying question based on the implicature that you can draw from the second speakers response. Think about why you drew those implicatures. 1. Carmen: Did you get the milk and the eggs? Dave: I got the milk. Did Dave buy the eggs? 2. Faye: I hear youve invited Mat and Chris. Ed: I didnt invite Mat. Did Ed invite Chris? When only one of the questions or propositions has been mentioned in the response, we normally assume that the speaker is still adhering to the co-operative principle and therefore is implying a response for the second one as well. And, we normally take it to be the opposite of the one mentioned. Generalized Implicatures Generalized implicature is obtained by assuming that the speaker is observing the conversational maxims and his uttering of the prior sentence will generally carry some implicatures. Scalar implicatures Jane: Who used all the printer paper? Steve: I used some of it. Jane: I hear youre always late with the rent. Steve: Well, sometimes I am Scale of quantity: some most all Scale of frequency: sometimes often always Scale of coldness: cool cold freezing Scale of likelihood: possibly probably certainly We normally assume (following the co-operative principle) that, where speakers have a scale of values at their disposal, they will choose the one that is truthful (maxim of quality) and optimally informative (maxim of quantity). So, we normally draw the implicature not any of the higher values on the scale. Particularized Implicatures These implicatures are generated in a conversation by overtly and deliberately violating some submaxims for communicative purposes. They are inferences dependent on particular time, place, and people. The speaker in this situation follows the general Cooperative Principle, but he violates some submaxims. The following is a set of facto