光电子学-七.pptVIP

Blackbody radiation Einstein Coefficients Homogeneous Broadening: Limited lifetime in the upper level Lorentzian lineshape Indistinguishable interaction to atoms Linewidth usually in MHz range Inhomogeneous Broadening: Doppler broadening Gaussian lineshape Distinguishable interaction to atoms Linewidth usually in GHz range Population Inversion §4.4 The Significance of c(n) In such way, we can ignore the physical origin of c(w) and treat the wave propagation in the medium with e’. A plane, single frequency EM wave : Lecture 7 §4.4 The Significance of c(n) Additional phase delay due to atomic polarization : Amplitude variation due to atomic polarization : An alternative way to derive above equations: and while and where §4.5 Derivation of c’(n) Kramers-Kronig Relation (KK relation) P: Cauchy Principal Value In practice, we can obtain c’(n) by measuring absorption coefficient a(n), which is proportional to c”(n). Then we can derive c’(n) from c”(n) through KK relation. §4.5 Derivation of c’(n) R -R Re(n’) Im(n’) n n0-i/t n0+i/t n+e n-e C2 C1 Cauchy’s Residue Theorem: §4.5 Derivation of c’(n) R -R Re(n’) Im(n’) n n0-i/t n0+i/t n+e n-e C2 C1 Taking R - infinity and e - 0 : The integral over C2 is proportional to R-2 - 0 The first and third terms on the right side is principal value of the integral: The integral over C1 is : §4.5 Derivation of c’(n) Integral over C1 Residue and §4.5 Derivation of c’(n) (n-n0)/Dn c” c’ 0 A typical susceptibility plot for a resonant 2 level system. Note at the resonant point, imaginary part gets maximum, real part is zero. §4.6 Gain Saturation in Homogeneous Laser Media In practice, the population inversion is caused by a “Pumping” process, such as electric current in injection lasers, flashlamp light in pulsed ruby lasers, or the energetic electrons in plasma-discharge gas lasers … Gain Constant Now, we are going to derive gain constant in presence of an optical field 2 1 0 Upper level Lower level Ground level R1 R2 1/t20 1/t1 1