微y生物文献翻译.doc

微生物文献翻译 张宇 生物科学 2011031021 Ethanol, isopropanol, and 1-butanol are the only naturally produced alcohol biofuels. Isopropanol can be used directly as a fuel supplement to gasoline or as a feedstock for the transesterification of fats into biodiesel [35]. Both isopropanol and 1-butanol are produced in a mixed product fermentation in various strains of Clostridium [36], with maximum production levels reaching 2?g/L and 20?g/L, respectively [37, 38]. With a renewed interest in alternative fuels, the production of isopropanol and 1-butanol has been recently investigated in genetically tractable heterologous organisms. These organisms, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, facilitate the design and optimization of new biofuels processes by combining an increasing synthetic biology toolbox with a well-studied metabolism. Isopropanol production in E. coli has surpassed that of Clostridium by assembling the pathway for acetone production and a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase [8, 12]. The production of 1-butanol, however, has proven to be more difficult. Initial efforts were able to produce ~0.5?g/L using E. coli as a host [7]. Construction of a new strain harboring a single construct resulted in an increase in production to 1.2?g/L [9]. In addition to E. coli, 1-butanol production has been investigated in Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and S. cerevisiae [10, 11], although production in E. coli has thus far shown the most promise. Each of these processes, however, is far from industrial feasibility, as yields (~0.05?g/g) and productivities (~0.01?g/L/h) must increase significantly to match the same figures for corn ethanol (~0.5?g/g and 2?g/L/h). The advancement of these processes is thought to be limited by the low activity of pathway enzymes due to poor expression, solubility