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高三英语高考英语语法:动词不定式北师大版
【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容:
高考英语语法:动词不定式
动词除了在句子中充当谓语外,还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等,称作非谓语动词,包括动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词、动名词。今天我们主要讨论动词不定式。
动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。
(一)不定式的句法功能:
1. 作主语:
To make a speech here is an honor.
To lose heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,如上两句可用如下形式:
It is an honor to make a speech here.
It means failure to lose heart.
常用结构: It+be+ adj. /n. + for sb. to do sth.
It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth.
(常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc. )
It’s necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English.
It is foolish of you to make such a mistake. =You are foolish to make such a mistake.
2. 作表语:
Her wish is to become a novelist.
He appears to have caught a cold.
不定式一般紧跟在系动词如be, seem, remain, appear等后面,用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词,如:idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc.
My purpose is to teach them a lesson.
有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。
To be strict with students is to be responsible to them.
What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth.
如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to.
The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth.
比较:
A组: sth. +be +不定式(作表语)---表示主语的具体内容
sb . +be +不定式(作表语)---表示时态(将来时)
He is to tidy up the room.
His plan is to tidy up the room.
B组:动名词和不定式在句中作表语的区别:
(1) 一般情况下,区别不大,可通用
Seeing is believing. =To see is to believe.
(2)动名词表示的动作较抽象或是习惯性的, 而不定式表示某次具体的动作.
My job is typing papers.
My job now is to type these papers.
3. 作宾语:
A. 动词+ to不定式
常见动词: hope, wish, long, want, refuse, pretend, promise, agree, aim, decide, expect, offer, fail, plan, learn, manage, intend, desire, etc.
I longed to become an artist.
He helped (to) bring up the orphan.
B. 动词+(间接宾语)+疑问词+ to不定式
常见动词: know, decide, wonder, learn, remember, understand, find out, etc.
I don’t know what to say to comfort her.
The farmer showed us how to milk the cow.
C. 动词+ it+宾语补足语+
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