_第5章 TL amp; CR bar element_2010.pptVIP

Reference Systems Although the response is technically a function of the varied parameters, in practice one takes the structural model over a finite number of increments varied in a stepwise manner. an individual finite element going through a series of increments. The picture shows that as the element moves, it “drags” various coordinate frames with it. An element attached system moves with the element. The direction of this system is defined by certain geometric properties of the individual element. A node attached system moves with the node. The direction of this system is defined by geometric properties of the elements that meet at the node. 5.3.2 Three Kinematic Descriptions Suppose that that the configuration Cn has been computed and accepted as a solution. Advancing over the next increment to Cn+1 by solving sets of nonlinear FEM equations. arrive at Cn+1 in one hop linear nonlinear traverse through several intermediate configurations Let be the last accepted solution, a sequence of intermediate configurations. If one of them is acceptable in a “residual” sense, it becomes Cn+1. The change between and is called a subincrement or cycle, depending on the kind of solution method used: purely incremental or iterative. To check if is acceptable you must verify whether it satisfies the governing FEM equations to certain accuracy. To do that you must express the state at (forces, displacements, strains, stresses, etc) with respect to a reference configuration. In the context of geometrically nonlinear FEM analysis, three kinematic descriptions can be used Total Lagrangian (TL) description. The FEM equations are formulated with respect to a fixed reference configuration which is not changed throughout the analysis. Updated Lagrangian (UL) description. The FEM equations are formulated with reference to the last accepted solution. That is, Cn after the nth increment. This reference is kept fixed, as the solution method s