[神经生物学 课件 北大] 2_1神经元和神经胶质细胞-神经元.pptVIP

* In a remarkable series of publications over 25 yeasrs, Cajal used the Golgi stain to work out the circutry of many regions of the brain. * Individual nerve cells, the basic units of the brain, are relatively simple in their morphology. Although the human brain contains an extraordinary number of these cells (on the order 1011 neurons), which can be classified into at least a thousand different types, all nerve cells share the same basic architecture. The complexity of human behavior depends less on the specialization of individual nerve cells and more on the fact that a great many of these cells from precise anatomical circuits. Nerve cells with basically similar properties can produce quite different actions because of the way they are connected with each other and with sensory receptors and muscle. * Nucleus - Contains genetic material (chromosomes). Covered by a membrane. Nucleolus - Produces ribosomes Microfilaments/Neurotubules - system of transport for materials within a neuron and may be used for structural support. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - system of tubes for transport of materials within cytoplasm. Can have ribosomes (rough ER) or no ribosomes (smooth ER). With ribosomes, the ER is important for protein synthesis. Mitochondria - Important for energy production for the cell. Golgi Apparatus - membrane bound structure that plays a role in packaging peptides and proteins (including neurotransmitters) into vesicles.Nissl Bodies - groups of ribosomes used for protein synthesis.  * This functional classification reflects the basic plan of the nervous system, with the afferent neurons sending information to the CNS. There, countless interneurons integrate the afferent information and ultimately direct the motoneurons to activate effectors. Characteristic of all primary sensory neurons 1. General considerations The skin, eyes, ears, tongue, nose, viscera, and skeletomuscular structures contain nerve endings called receptors, designed to detect var