第一章 地理信息系统导论.ppt

第一章 地理信息系统导论 第一节 地理信息系统的基本概念 数据 信息 数据处理 信息的特征 地理信息及特征 地理信息 特征 地理信息系统及定义 定义的分类 国内常用的定义 特点 地理信息系统的定义分类 （1）面向数据处理过程的定义 （2）面向专题应用的定义 （3）工具箱定义 （4）数据库定义 国外常用定义 DoE（1987） a system for capturing storing checking， manipulating analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced the Earth． Aronoff（1989） any manual or computer based set of procedures used to store and manipulate geographically referenced data． Catter（1989） an institutional entiry，reflecting an organizational structure that integrates technology with a database，expertise and continuing， financial support over time． Parker（1988） an information technology which stores，analyses，and displays both spatial and non-spatial data． Dueker（1979） a special case of information systems where the database consists of observations on spatially distributed features，activities，or events，which are definable in space as points，lines，or areas. A GIS manipulates data about these points， lines， and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses． Smith et al．（1987） A data base system in which most of the data are spatially indexed，and upon which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database． Ozemoy，Smith and Sicherman（1981）an automated set of functions that provides professionals with advanced capabilities for the storage， retrieval，manipulation，and display of geographically located data． Burrough（1986） a powerful set of tools for collecting， storing， retrieving at will，transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world． Cowen（1988） a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem－soling environment． Koshkariov， Tikunov and Trofimov（1989）a system with advanced geomodelling capabilities． Devine and Field（1986） a form of MIS［Management Information system] that allows map display of the general information． 地理信息系统分类 1）按地理信息系统的内容可分为：专题地理信息系统。 2）按软件的特点划分：工具型地理信息系统和应用型地理信息系统。 3）按数据结构分类。矢量型地理信息系统、栅格型地理信息系