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ARTICLE IN PRESS Water Research 38 (2004) 3340-3348 Integrated real-time control strategy for nitrogen removal in swine wastewater treatment using sequencing batch reactors Ju-Hyun Kima,*, Meixue Chenb, Naohiro Kishidac, Ryuichi Sudoa a Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, 914, Kamitanadare, Kisai, Saitama 347-0115, Japan b State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,  Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.O. Box 2871, China c Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan Received 7 May 2003; received in revised form 29 March 2004; accepted 11 May 2004 Abstract A new integrated real-time control system was designed and operated with fluctuating influent loads for swine wastewater treatment. The system was operated with automatic addition control of an external carbon source, using real-time control technology, which utilized the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and the pH as parameters to control the anoxic phase and oxic phase, respectively. The fluctuations in swine wastewater concentration are extreme; an influent with a low C=N ratio is deficient in organic carbon, and a low carbon source level can limit the overall biological denitrification process. Consequently, a sufficient organic source must be provided for proper denitrification. The feasibility of using swine waste as an external carbon source for enhanced biological nitrogen removal was investigated. The real-time control made it possible to optimize the quantity of swine waste added as the load fluctuated from cycle to cycle. The average removal efficiencies achieved for TOC and nitrogen were over 94% and 96%, respectively, using the integrated real-time control strategy. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Denitrification; External carbon source; ORP Real-time control; SBR; Swine wastewater  1. Introdu