西方文化概论05.pptVIP

Origin of tragedy Writing in 335 BCE (long after the Golden Age of 5th-century Athenian tragedy), Aristotle provides the earliest-surviving explanation for the origin of the dramatic art-form in his Poetics（诗学）, in which he argues that tragedy developed from the improvisations（即兴演说） of the leader of choral dithyrambs (hymns sung and danced in praise of Dionysos, the god of wine and fertility): Aristotle: on tragedy At any rate it originated in improvisation(即兴创作)—both tragedy itself and comedy. The one tragedy came from the prelude（前奏） to the dithyramb（酒神赞美诗） and the other comedy from the prelude to the phallic songs which still survive as institutions in many cities. Tragedy then gradually evolved as men developed each element that came to light and after going through many changes, it stopped when it had found its own natural form (IV, 1449a). Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, 希腊悲剧与近代悲剧 希腊悲剧是命运悲剧，描述的是人与命运的冲突，而近代悲剧是道德悲剧，表现的是好人与坏人的斗争。 希腊悲剧中的人物的行为都很难用通常的善恶标准加以评判。在剧中激烈冲突的也不是善与恶这两种对立的自由意志，而是自由意志与隐藏在它背后的决定论；不是一个人对另一个人的否定，而是自己对自己的否定。 希腊悲剧是一种更加深刻的悲剧，它不是把悲剧看作人滥用自由意志的结果，而是把它理解为人的自为存在（自由意志）和自在存在（命运）之间的不可避免的永恒冲突。 Origin of Comedy In ancient Greece, comedy seems to have originated in bawdy（下流的） and ribald（粗俗的） songs or recitations apropos of fertility festivals or gatherings, or also in making fun at other people or stereotypes. Aristotle, in the Poetics, states that comedy originated in Phallic songs and the light treatment of the otherwise base and ugly. He also adds that the origins of comedy are obscure because it was not treated seriously from its inception. Tragedy and comedy 希腊悲剧表现了一种庄严而神圣的“命运”主题，它的基调是悲壮的、崇高的。亚里士多德认为，悲剧通过激起人们内心的怜悯和恐惧而实现情绪的净化和升华，从而使人体验到一种崇高感。 希腊喜剧从诞生之日起，就与解构神圣、讥讽时弊紧密联系在一起。希腊最杰出的喜剧作家阿里斯多芬在一些喜剧作品（如《巴比伦人》、《武士》、《黄蜂》等），对江河日下的雅典民主制进行了无情的针砭。 总之，希腊喜剧则以一种轻松戏谑的方式解构了城邦文化中的一切神圣崇高的东西，从而助长了一种彻心透骨的怀疑主义和虚无主义。 Cynicism Cynicism is a distrust of other‘s apparent motives. It is a form of jaded（厌倦的） negativity, and other times realistic criticism or skepticism. The