生物专业英语lesson1insidethelivingcell.ppt

* 一、最明显的、必然的区别---有无细胞壁； 二、《成熟》的植物细胞一般有大液泡（注意是 大 液泡）； 三、高等植物的很多细胞（叶片中的栅栏组织、海绵组织、某些茎和果皮的表皮细胞---绿色、见光部位）中有叶绿体（某些低等动物细胞也有）动物一般没有； 四、高等动物细胞一般有中心体（某些低等植物细胞也有）植物一般没有 * 生物聚合物，生物高分子 protofilament原丝 Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm. Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact with the cytockeletal filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements. 细胞骨架的中间纤维提供了细胞质伸缩动力。 “机械酶”类如肌球蛋白、动力蛋白、驱动蛋白与微丝和微管相互作用从而产生动力，驱动细胞运动。 5. Cellular movements 细胞运动 Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to cells, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping or gliding. 尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微管、微丝及其相关蛋白却仍能够使细胞以爬行或滑翔的方式运动。 Such movements require a solid substrate to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry of the surface. 这种运动需要一个能使细胞附着的固体基质，并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。 Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis, the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical. 有些细胞还表现出趋化能力，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。 Certain prokaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia or flagella. 某些原核细胞可在液体环境中通过鞭子似的纤毛或鞭毛推动进行自由地泳动。 Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets(pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. 纤毛和鞭毛具有相同的内部结构：9对微管排列成环沿纤毛或鞭毛长轴延长，另有两根或两根以上微管在环的中央位置。 Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal body is located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet. 纤毛或鞭毛自细胞表面的基体长出，其运动基于每个联管上的一个微管延伸出的由微小的动力蛋白的形成的臂。 Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. 大多数植物细胞内部的营养物质、蛋白质和其它物质通过胞质流动进行运动。 The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilament