Chaptr 7 Memory.pptVIP

Chapter 7 Memory（记忆） 记忆是在头脑中积累和保存个体经验的心理过程。传统心理学把记忆分为识记、保持、再认和再现等记忆过程；认知心理学把记忆看做人脑对外界输入的信息进行编码、存储和提取的过程。 Philip G. Zimbardo（Stanford University教授）在其著作Psychology and Life中对记忆的定义：Memory is the mental capacity to store and, later, recall or recognize events that were previously experienced. For most cognitive psychologists, memory is an active mental system that receives, encodes, modifies, and retrieves information（接受、编码、修正、提取信息的积极的心理系统）. Memory also refers to what is retained - the total body of remembered experience as well as a specific event that is recalled. We use the term remembering to mean either retaining or recalling experiences. Chapter 7 Memory（记忆） 一、记忆的分类 1）从信息保持时间的长短，将记忆分为感觉记忆、短时记忆、长时记忆、工作记忆(working memory) 工作记忆：与当前任务有关的多种短时记忆共同活动而发挥作用的记忆。工作记忆的内容需要参考长时记忆的内容。 2）情景记忆(episodic memory)和语义记忆(Semantic memory)：由加拿大心理学家Endel Tulving提出 Semantic memory: the generic, categorical memory that stores the basic meanings of words and concepts without reference to their time and place in experience. Episodic memory: stores autobiographical experiences- an individuals own perceptual experiences - along with some temporal coding to identify when the event occured and some content coding for where it took place. Chapter 7 Memory（记忆） 3)陈述性记忆(declarative memory)与程序性记忆(procedural memory)：由Tulving, Anderson等提出 Procedural memroy: the way we remember how things get done. It is used to acquire, retain, and employ perceptual, cognitive, and motor skills（知觉、认知、运动技能）. Declarative memeory: the way we recall explicit information - which involves some degree of conscious efforts. 4)从记忆内容是否受意识控制分为内隐记忆(implicit memeory)与外显记忆(explicit memeory) 内隐记忆：不能有意识回忆、但是影响行为和思维的记忆。经典条件反应、习惯、启动效应等都是内隐记忆的事例。 外显记忆：能按照意愿进行回忆、并能进入短时记忆的记忆。语义记忆、情景记忆都是外显记忆。 Chapter 7 Memory（记忆） 5）其他记忆 情绪记忆：以体验过的情绪或情感为内容的记忆。引起情绪、情感的事件虽然已经过去，但深刻的体验和感受依然保留。 运动记忆：以人们操作过的运动状态或动作形象为内容的记忆，又叫动作记忆。 6）元记忆：对记忆过程和内容本身的了解和控制。 元记忆内容可分“敏度”、“变量”两个类别 敏度：个体对什么时候需要记忆策略的敏感程度。 变量是影响记忆活动的因素，包括（1）个人变量，所有影响记忆的个人特征，如知识、记忆容量、情绪、动机等；（2）任务变量，所有影响记忆的任务