辩论四要素.docVIP

Unit 3 辩论四要素 命题、论点、论证和证据是辩论中最重要的四个要素，本章讨论了这四个要素的相互关系。鉴于证据的重要性，本章接下来详细介绍了证据的种类以及检验证据有效性的方法。 Argument: reason or reasons put forward, 论据，论点，理由 There are strong arguments for and against capital punishment. 对于执行死刑，赞成与反对的双方都有强有力的证据。 The government’s argument is that they must first aim to beat inflation. 政府的论点是必须首先着眼于抑制通货膨胀。 Issue: important topic for discussion, points in question 争论点，争端， Evidence: information that gives a reason for believing sth or proves sth 证据，证词 A scientist must produce evidence in support of a theory. 科学家必须提出证据以支持其理论。 　 1. There are four structural elements that serve as the ingredients of a debate case. serve as: serve sb for/as sth satisfy a need or purpose; be suitable for This room can serve as/for a study. 这个房间可作书房用。 Ingredients: 材料，成份，因素，要素 The ingredients of a cake 蛋糕的原料 debate case: case: set of facts or arguments supporting one side in a lawsuit, debate诉讼、辩论等的一方的辩护事实、理由、论点或论据。 These are (1) proposition, (2) issues, (3) arguments, and (4) evidence. Analysis of a debate case is made possible through a complete understanding of the function of these parts. 充分理解了这几个部分的作用就能够对一项辩论做出分析 A fifth element, and the most important one, is the reasoning process. It, however, is not a separate element so much as the means by which the other four are bound together. not so much as: not one thing but rather sth else不是，而是 she is not so much poor as careless with money. 她倒不是穷而是太不在乎钱了。 The following paragraphs will serve to define each of these four formal elements. 作为辩论成分的结构要素有四个：（1）辩题；（2）论点；（3）论据（4）论证。充分理解了这几个部分的作用就能够对一项辩论做出分析。辩论的另一个要素，也是最重要的一个，是辩论的过程。然而，它不是一个独立存在的要素，而是把四个辩论要素捆绑在一起的一种手段。接下来的篇幅将分别界定辩论四要素的意义。 2. Proposition. A proposition (or resolution) is a judgment expressed in a declarative sentence. proposition, resolution formal statement of opinion agreed on by a committee or assembly, esp by means of a vote 决议，正式决定 Pass, carry, adopt, reject a resolution通过、赞同、采纳、否决一决议 Resolutions A resolution o