A Brief Summary of Classical Rhetoric古典修辞.DOCVIP

A Brief Summary of Classical Rhetoric I. Types of Persuasive Discourse Deliberative: That which seeks to persuade someone to do something he otherwise would not do or to accept a point of view he otherwise would not hold. It is concerned with the future. Forensic: That which seeks to defend or condemn one’s actions. It is concerned with the past. Ceremonial: That which celebrates or denounces. It is usually associated with the present. II. The Five Canons of Rhetoric The study of rhetoric was traditionally divided into five parts: Invention (inventio) Arrangement (dispositio) Style (elocutio) Memory (memoria) Delivery (pronuntiatio)  III. Invention A. Two types of argument: 1. Non-artistic: arguments that do not require invention, such as laws, witnesses, contracts, tortures, oaths. 2. Artistic: arguments that the speaker must invent. They include rational appeal (logos), emotional appeal (pathos), and ethical appeal (ethos). Rational appeal (logos) Rational appeals can be inductive or deductive: --Inductive reasoning generalizes a conclusion from analogous facts (e.g. Every dog I see has four legs. Therefore all dogs have four legs). The rhetorical equivalent of inductive reasoning is the example. --Deductive reasoning establishes a conclusion from positive or negative statements (e.g. If all human beings are mortal, and I am a human being, then I must be mortal). The rhetorical equivalent of deductive reasoning is the enthymeme (an imperfect syllogism). Fallacies: There are several fallacies in inductive and deductive reasoning that, if understood, can be identified and disposed of properly. This list is not exhaustive: 1. Faulty Generalizations: drawing a conclusion from inadequate examples 2. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc: ‘After this, therefore because of this.’ E.g. “Every time I wear red it rains.” 3. Faulty analogy: using unlike terms in an analogy 4. Begging the Questio