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Thomas Hardy Background Information The Victorian Period(1836—1901) Writers in this period all concerned about the fate of the common people Pushed the limit on what was considered socially acceptable among the society The Romanticism gradually changed into Realism Life 1.Novels of Character and Environment（性格与环境小说） The Poor Man and the Lady(1867, unpublished and lost) 《穷汉与贵妇人》 Under the Greenwood Tree(1872) 《绿树荫下 》 Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 《远离尘嚣》 The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 《卡斯特桥市长》 Tess of the dUrbervilles(1891) 《德伯家的苔丝》 Jude the Obscure(1895) 《无名的裘德》 2.Romances and Fantasies（传奇与幻想小说） A Pair of Blue Eyes(1873) 《一双湛蓝眼睛》 Two on a Tower(1882) 《塔里的两个人》 The Well-Beloved(1897) (first published as a serial from 1892) 《心爱的人》 mainly talk about romantic love stories. 3.Novels of Ingenuity（机巧和实验小说 ） Desperate Remedies(1871)《铤而走险》 The Hand of Ethelberta(1876) 《埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻》 A Laodicean(1881) 《冷漠的人》 His Major Works Hardy’s two novels, Tess of the d’Urbervilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1895) are his last long fiction works. The last novels challenged the sensibilities of Victorian readers with situations that ruffled many a Victorian feather: immoral sex, murder, illegitimate children, and the unmarried living together. Heated debate and criticism over these two books helped Hardy decide that he would rather write poetry. In fact, so stung was he by the criticism of his works that Hardy did not write another novel. Jude The Obscure Tess of the D’Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝 A pure woman The Theme Mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life. Fatalism：chance and fate, Naturalism, the final disintegration of peasantry in England, Hypocritical morality 评价 亚历克再次纠缠苔丝，这时苔丝一家由于父亲的突然去世，流落街头。亚历克乘虚而入，并多次强调苔丝已经被抛弃，她的丈夫不会回来。于是苔丝与他同居了，但是精神仿佛已经飘离了肉体。 不料，就在这时她丈夫回来了。苔丝为了自己真正的爱，毅然杀死同居的少爷，在与丈夫逃亡中，感受到了甜蜜与满足，五天后，走上了绞刑台。 《德伯家