L2 electron transport and oxidative phos方案.pptVIP

ADP 和 Pi 结 合 到 L 质子回流推动构象相互转化 T：合成ATP；O：释放ATP 能量的生成、贮存和利用 9 Coupling （偶联）and respiratory control Electron transport is normally tightly coupled to ATP synthesis. Oxidative phosphorylation needs NADH or FADH2, oxygen, ADP and inorganic phosphate. The actual rate of oxidative phosphorylation is set by the availability of ADP. If the level of ATP is high and the ADP level is low, no electron transport occurs, NADH and FADH2 build up, as does excess citrate, and the citric acid cycle and glycolysis are inhibited. 10 Uncouplers （解偶联剂） Some chemicals, such as 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP, 二硝基酚), act as uncoupling agents, that is ,when added to cells, they stop ATP synthesis but electron transport still continues and so oxygen is still consumed. The reason is that DNP and other uncoupling agents are lipid-soluble small molecules that can bind H+ ions and transport them across membranes. Electron transport occurs and pumps out H+ ions back into the mitochondrion, preventing formation of a proton gradient. 11 Reoxidation of cytosolic NADH The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH. Therefore NADH produced in the cytoplasm during glycolysis must be reoxidized via a membrane shuttle （穿梭）, a combination of enzyme reactions that bypass this impermeability barrier. There are two kinds of membrane shuttles: glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle （3-磷酸甘油穿梭） malate-aspartate shuttle （苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭） (1) glycero1 3-phosphate shuttle Muscle, brain Synthesize 2 ATP dihydroxyacetone phosphate glycero1 3-phosphate glycero1 3-phosphate dehydrogenase glycero1 3-phosphate dehydrogenase dihydroxyacetone phosphate glycero1 3-phosphate (2) malate-aspartate shuttle Synthesize 3 ATP malate ?-ketoglutarate oxaloacetate Malate dehydrogenase glutamate aspartate Aspartate aminotransferase L2 Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation electron transport 电子传递 oxidase